读海 / 钓鱼为什么上头

钓鱼为什么上头

也叫：钓鱼上瘾、为什么空军还要去、多巴胺、想要和爽

研究里，猴子大脑里的多巴胺神经元有个规律：结果比预想的好，它们一下子活跃起来；完全料到的，几乎不动；该来的没来，反而低下去。学会以后，这阵活跃会提前到「预告奖励的信号」上。对钓鱼的人来说，竿梢一动、漂一沉，就是那个信号（打个比方）。

多巴胺管的更多是「想要」，不等于「爽」；真正的「爽」归一套小得多的「快乐热点」，靠身体自己造的阿片类信号放大。奖励拿不准的时候，等待那一段的反应最强；时有时无的奖励，比次次都有更让人坚持。也有研究者认为，钓不钓得到的那份没准，也许就是钓鱼的根本吸引力之一。

调查里，钓得越勤的人，焦虑、抑郁的分数越低；多去水边也和心理健康正相关。这两类调查都是同一时间的问卷，看不出谁导致谁。

一眼看懂

  • 三条线：比预想的好 → 一下子跳高；完全料到 → 平；该来没来 → 往下掉1。
  • 学会以后：跳高挪到「信号」那一刻2。
  • 两个开关：「想要」（多巴胺）和「爽」（快乐热点、阿片类），后一个小得多3,10。
  • 拿不准的时候：等待那段一路往上爬，一直到可能有奖励的那一刻4。

依据

正文里的小数字对应这里，点开看出处
已核几份资料说法一致钓友不少国内钓友这样钓例起步参考，到现场再调各家不一说法不同，给的是能用的那条
1奖励比预期好，多巴胺神经元一下子活跃；完全料到的几乎不动；该来没来会低下去已核
范围：猴子实验Schultz, Dayan & Montague 1997, A neural substrate of prediction and reward, Science 275:1593–1599 · 研究 · 原文
「better than predicted」「occurs as predicted」「worse than predicted」；「depressed markedly below their basal firing rate exactly at the time that the reward should have occurred」；「to the time of cue onset」；「recorded in alert monkeys」Watabe-Uchida, Eshel & Uchida 2017, Neural circuitry of reward prediction error, Annu Rev Neurosci 40:373–394 · 研究 · 原文
「that same reward no longer triggers a dopamine response」；「dopamine neurons pause their firing at the exact moment reward is expected」；「dopamine neurons are also excited by reward cues」
2学会以后，多巴胺的反应提前到「预告奖励的信号」上，而不是等奖励到手已核
范围：猴子实验Schultz, Dayan & Montague 1997, A neural substrate of prediction and reward, Science 275:1593–1599 · 研究 · 原文
「better than predicted」「occurs as predicted」「worse than predicted」；「depressed markedly below their basal firing rate exactly at the time that the reward should have occurred」；「to the time of cue onset」；「recorded in alert monkeys」Watabe-Uchida, Eshel & Uchida 2017, Neural circuitry of reward prediction error, Annu Rev Neurosci 40:373–394 · 研究 · 原文
「that same reward no longer triggers a dopamine response」；「dopamine neurons pause their firing at the exact moment reward is expected」；「dopamine neurons are also excited by reward cues」
3多巴胺管的更多是「想要」（动机），不等于「爽」（享受）已核
Berridge & Robinson 2016, Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Am Psychol 71:670–679 · 研究 · 原文
「is not dependent on dopamine」；「small hedonic hotspots」；「always fail to enhance 'liking'」Salamone & Correa 2012, The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine, Neuron 76:470–485 · 研究 · 原文
「nucleus accumbens DA does not directly mediate hedonic reactivity to food」
4奖励最拿不准的时候，等待那一段的反应最强，一直升到可能给奖励的那一刻已核
范围：猴子、人Fiorillo, Tobler & Schultz 2003, Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons, Science 299:1898–1902（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「maximal at P = 0.5」；「a gradual increase in activity until the potential time of reward」Preuschoff, Bossaerts & Quartz 2006, Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures, Neuron 51:381–390（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「the activation related to expected reward was immediate, while the activation related to risk was delayed」
5人在等奖励的时候，大脑奖励区（伏隔核）就已经活跃起来，自己也说更开心已核
范围：人Knutson, Adams, Fong & Hommer 2001, J Neurosci 21:RC159（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「anticipation of increasing rewards elicited both increasing self-reported happiness and NAcc activation」Preuschoff, Bossaerts & Quartz 2006, Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures, Neuron 51:381–390（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「the activation related to expected reward was immediate, while the activation related to risk was delayed」
6时有时无的奖励，比次次都有更让行为坚持（部分强化）已核
Horsley, Osborne, Norman & Wells 2012, Behav Brain Res 229:438–442（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「Behaviours that have been rewarded intermittently persist for longer during periods of non-reward than behaviours that have been rewarded continuously」还有 1 位钓友的经验
7例：有研究者认为，钓不钓得到的那份没准，也许是钓鱼的根本吸引力之一；也许能解释钓的人花的时间和钱远超鱼本身的价钱例
Arlinghaus 2024, Catch uncertainty and recreational fishing attraction: Propositions and future research directions, Fish and Fisheries 25(5):761–780 · 研究 · 原文
「perhaps fundamental force that explains the attraction of the activity to millions of people」；「drastically exceed the market value of fish」；「should not be read as if I claim monocausality」
8调查里，钓得越勤的人，焦虑、抑郁的分数越低（横断面，看不出因果）已核
范围：钓鱼的人Stewart, Nada-Raja, Sanders-Garrick & Garbett 2025, Recreational Trout Fishing and Mental Health and Well-Being in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Cross-Sectional Study, Leisure Sciences（奥塔哥大学库摘要；Fish & Game 资助） · 研究 · 原文
「1882 New Zealand anglers (93% male). Results revealed a linear dose-response relationship; more active anglers had higher well-being scores and lower psychological distress, anxiety, and depression scores」Wilson 等 2023, Mental Health and Recreational Angling in UK Adult Males: A Cross-Sectional Study, Epidemiologia 4(3) · 研究 · 原文
「1752 participants」；「reduced odds of having depression」；「causal relationships cannot be established」；部分经费来自 Angling Direct
9多接触水边（蓝色空间），和心理健康、幸福感正相关已核
Gascon 等 2017, Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review, Int J Hyg Environ Health 220:1207–1221（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「a positive association between greater exposure to outdoor blue spaces and both benefits to mental health and well-being (N=12 studies)」Georgiou 等 2021, Mechanisms of Impact of Blue Spaces on Human Health, IJERPH · 研究 · 原文
「significant salutogenic effects」；「significantly associated with higher levels of restoration」
10真正的「爽」归一套小得多的「快乐热点」，靠阿片类信号放大；多巴胺放大不了「爽」已核
Berridge & Robinson 2016, Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Am Psychol 71:670–679 · 研究 · 原文
「is not dependent on dopamine」；「small hedonic hotspots」；「always fail to enhance 'liking'」Nummenmaa & Tuominen 2018, Opioid system and human emotions, Br J Pharmacol 175:2737–2749 · 研究 · 原文
「the opioid receptor blocker…attenuates pleasure and concurrent BOLD responses to rewards」；「the μ receptors mediate the effects of endogenous…and various exogenous opioid agonists」Le Merrer, Becker, Befort & Kieffer 2009, Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain, Physiol Rev 89:1379–1412 · 研究 · 原文
「hedonic hotspot in which the stimulation of mu receptors increases the "liking" for food reward」；「Enkephalins, dynorphins, and β-endorphin are produced by proteolytic cleavage」；「primary molecular target for the prototypical opiate」
11身体自己会造阿片类物质（内啡肽是其中一种），和吗啡作用在同一种受体上已核
Le Merrer, Becker, Befort & Kieffer 2009, Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain, Physiol Rev 89:1379–1412 · 研究 · 原文
「hedonic hotspot in which the stimulation of mu receptors increases the "liking" for food reward」；「Enkephalins, dynorphins, and β-endorphin are produced by proteolytic cleavage」；「primary molecular target for the prototypical opiate」Nummenmaa & Tuominen 2018, Opioid system and human emotions, Br J Pharmacol 175:2737–2749 · 研究 · 原文
「the opioid receptor blocker…attenuates pleasure and concurrent BOLD responses to rewards」；「the μ receptors mediate the effects of endogenous…and various exogenous opioid agonists」
12用药把阿片受体堵上，人得到奖励、吃好吃的东西时的愉悦感会变淡已核
范围：人Nummenmaa & Tuominen 2018, Opioid system and human emotions, Br J Pharmacol 175:2737–2749 · 研究 · 原文
「the opioid receptor blocker…attenuates pleasure and concurrent BOLD responses to rewards」；「the μ receptors mediate the effects of endogenous…and various exogenous opioid agonists」Yeomans & Gray 2002, Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour, Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:713–728（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
「opioid-mediated reward mechanisms play an important control in hedonic aspects of ingestion」；拮抗剂常见恶心等非特异作用

相关

读海潮汐怎么看

大潮小潮都能钓，差在流：大潮流急，铅要压得住、找流缓的位置；小潮流缓好控线，但一天常常只有一涨一落，先看准那口潮几点来。岸上看潮位（水多深、退路在不在），船上看潮流（流多快、往哪走、几点转流）。

安全浪打上来

上礁之前先看两样：当天潮水会涨到多高、脚下有没有水渍（有水渍说明浪打上来过）；再想好万一掉下水从哪里上来。风大浪大别去；钓的时候一直盯着浪，别背对着海；结伴去，救生衣一直穿着。

安全夜钓安全

夜里去钓：结伴去，照明带够（例：头灯、射灯各备一盏），出门前告诉家里人去哪、几点回；到了岸边离水边留出余地，站稳再抛；夏天夜里防蚊叮、防蛇咬。打雷下雨就收竿走人。有人落水别跳下去救：大声呼救、打电话，扔能漂的东西给他。

来源

16 份
  1. Schultz, Dayan & Montague 1997, A neural substrate of prediction and reward, Science 275:1593–1599 · 研究 · 原文
    「better than predicted」「occurs as predicted」「worse than predicted」；「depressed markedly below their basal firing rate exactly at the time that the reward should have occurred」；「to the time of cue onset」；「recorded in alert monkeys」
  2. Watabe-Uchida, Eshel & Uchida 2017, Neural circuitry of reward prediction error, Annu Rev Neurosci 40:373–394 · 研究 · 原文
    「that same reward no longer triggers a dopamine response」；「dopamine neurons pause their firing at the exact moment reward is expected」；「dopamine neurons are also excited by reward cues」
  3. Berridge & Robinson 2016, Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Am Psychol 71:670–679 · 研究 · 原文
    「is not dependent on dopamine」；「small hedonic hotspots」；「always fail to enhance 'liking'」
  4. Salamone & Correa 2012, The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine, Neuron 76:470–485 · 研究 · 原文
    「nucleus accumbens DA does not directly mediate hedonic reactivity to food」
  5. Fiorillo, Tobler & Schultz 2003, Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons, Science 299:1898–1902（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
    「maximal at P = 0.5」；「a gradual increase in activity until the potential time of reward」
  6. Preuschoff, Bossaerts & Quartz 2006, Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures, Neuron 51:381–390（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
    「the activation related to expected reward was immediate, while the activation related to risk was delayed」
  7. Knutson, Adams, Fong & Hommer 2001, J Neurosci 21:RC159（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
    「anticipation of increasing rewards elicited both increasing self-reported happiness and NAcc activation」
  8. Horsley, Osborne, Norman & Wells 2012, Behav Brain Res 229:438–442（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
    「Behaviours that have been rewarded intermittently persist for longer during periods of non-reward than behaviours that have been rewarded continuously」
  9. Arlinghaus 2024, Catch uncertainty and recreational fishing attraction: Propositions and future research directions, Fish and Fisheries 25(5):761–780 · 研究 · 原文
    「perhaps fundamental force that explains the attraction of the activity to millions of people」；「drastically exceed the market value of fish」；「should not be read as if I claim monocausality」
  10. Stewart, Nada-Raja, Sanders-Garrick & Garbett 2025, Recreational Trout Fishing and Mental Health and Well-Being in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Cross-Sectional Study, Leisure Sciences（奥塔哥大学库摘要；Fish & Game 资助） · 研究 · 原文
    「1882 New Zealand anglers (93% male). Results revealed a linear dose-response relationship; more active anglers had higher well-being scores and lower psychological distress, anxiety, and depression scores」
  11. Wilson 等 2023, Mental Health and Recreational Angling in UK Adult Males: A Cross-Sectional Study, Epidemiologia 4(3) · 研究 · 原文
    「1752 participants」；「reduced odds of having depression」；「causal relationships cannot be established」；部分经费来自 Angling Direct
  12. Gascon 等 2017, Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review, Int J Hyg Environ Health 220:1207–1221（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
    「a positive association between greater exposure to outdoor blue spaces and both benefits to mental health and well-being (N=12 studies)」
  13. Georgiou 等 2021, Mechanisms of Impact of Blue Spaces on Human Health, IJERPH · 研究 · 原文
    「significant salutogenic effects」；「significantly associated with higher levels of restoration」
  14. Nummenmaa & Tuominen 2018, Opioid system and human emotions, Br J Pharmacol 175:2737–2749 · 研究 · 原文
    「the opioid receptor blocker…attenuates pleasure and concurrent BOLD responses to rewards」；「the μ receptors mediate the effects of endogenous…and various exogenous opioid agonists」
  15. Le Merrer, Becker, Befort & Kieffer 2009, Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain, Physiol Rev 89:1379–1412 · 研究 · 原文
    「hedonic hotspot in which the stimulation of mu receptors increases the "liking" for food reward」；「Enkephalins, dynorphins, and β-endorphin are produced by proteolytic cleavage」；「primary molecular target for the prototypical opiate」
  16. Yeomans & Gray 2002, Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour, Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:713–728（摘要） · 研究 · 原文
    「opioid-mediated reward mechanisms play an important control in hedonic aspects of ingestion」；拮抗剂常见恶心等非特异作用

2026-10-21 更新

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